Mortalidad intrahospitalaria de pacientes con COVID-19 complicados con neumonías bacterianas en asistencia respiratoria mecánica en Cuidados Intensivos de Adultos en un Hospital del Paraguay / In-hospital mortality of patients with COVID-19 complicated by bacterial pneumonia on mechanical ventilation in Adult Intensive Care in a Hospital in Paraguay

Introducción: los pacientes con COVID-19 ingresan en mayor proporción a asistencia respiratoria mecánica, aumentando: el riesgo de neumonía asociada a ventilador (NAV) las tasas de mortalidad, los días de permanencia en las unidades de terapia intensiva (UCI) y los costos sanitarios. Objetivo: determinar la Mortalidad intrahospitalaria de pacientes con COVID-19 complicados con neumonías bacterianas en asistencia respiratoria mecánica en Cuidados Intensivos de Adultos en un Hospital del Paraguay durante los años 2020 a 2021. Metodología: estudio analítico de tipo cohorte retrospectiva. Se registraron variables demográficas, comorbilidades, puntajes en scores de gravedad como el APACHE II al ingreso, la cifra más baja de oxigenación durante la internación expresado por la PaO2 / FIO2, días de ventilación, colocación en decúbito prono, traqueotomía, medidas terapéuticas farmacológicas y no farmacológicas, días de internación, así como las complicaciones y la mortalidad. Resultados: fueron incluidos 214 pacientes, 135 ingresaron a asistencia respiratoria mecánica (ARM) de los cuales 58 (42,9 %) desarrollaron NAV, con edad mediana de 52 años (40-60). Los microorganismos de NAV fueron cocos Gram negativos en 98,3 %, incluyendo Acinetobacter baumanii en 46,5 %, Klebsiella pneumoniae en 22,8 %, Pseudomona aeruginosa en 15,5 % y 5,2 % Stenotrophomona maltofilia. La mortalidad intrahospitalaria fue del 44,8 %. Los menores de 50 años tienen una sobrevida mayor que los mayores (34 días vs 22 días, con p de 0,026). Conclusión: la mortalidad intrahospitalaria fue del 44,8 %. La edad fue un factor de riesgo independiente para la mortalidad en pacientes con NAV, por lo que los profesionales de la salud deben estar atentos a la posibilidad de NAV en pacientes que requieren asistencia respiratoria mecánica, especialmente en pacientes mayores de 50 años.

Introduction: patients with COVID-19 are more likely to require mechanical ventilation, which increases the risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), mortality rates, length of stay in intensive care units (ICUs), and healthcare costs. Objective: to determine the in-hospital mortality of patients with COVID-19 complicated by bacterial pneumonia on mechanical ventilation in Adult Intensive Care in a Hospital in Paraguay during the years 2020 to 2021. Methodology: this is a retrospective cohort analytical study. Demographic variables, comorbidities, severity scores such as APACHE II on admission, the worst oxygenation during hospitalization expressed by PaO2/FiO2, days of ventilation, prone position, tracheostomy, pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapeutic measures, days of hospitalization, as well as complications and mortality were recorded. Results: a total of 214 patients were included, 135 were admitted to mechanical ventilation (MRA), of which 58 (42.9%) developed VAP, with a median age of 52 years (40-60). VAP microorganisms were Gram-negative cocci in 98.3%, including Acinetobacter baumanii in 46.5%, Klebsiella pneumoniae in 22.8%, Pseudomona aeruginosa in 15.5%, and Stenotrophomona maltophilia in 5.2%. In-hospital mortality was 44.8%. Those under 50 years of age have a longer survival than those older (34 days vs. 22 days, with p of 0.026). Conclusion: the overall mortality rate was 44.8%. Age was an independent risk factor for mortality in patients with VAP, so healthcare professionals should be aware of the possibility of VAP in patients who require mechanical ventilation, especially in patients over 50 years of age.

Uso de la tomografía corporal total en pacientes con heridas de arma de fuego y hemodinámicamente inestables: ¿Rompiendo paradigmas de atención inicial? / Whole-body computed tomography in hemodynamically unstable patients with gunshot wounds: A paradigm shift in trauma management?

Introducción. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar el impacto del uso de la tomografía corporal total en la evaluación de los pacientes con trauma penetrante por proyectil de arma de fuego y hemodinámicamente inestables atendidos en un centro de referencia de trauma. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio analítico, retrospectivo, con base en un subanálisis del registro de la Sociedad Panamericana de Trauma ­ Fundación Valle del Lili. Se incluyeron los pacientes con trauma penetrante por proyectil de arma de fuego atendidos entre 2018 y 2021. Se excluyeron los pacientes con trauma craneoencefálico severo, trauma leve y en condición in extremis. Resultados. Doscientos pacientes cumplieron los criterios de elegibilidad, 115 fueron estudiados con tomografía corporal total y se compararon con 85 controles. La mortalidad intrahospitalaria en el grupo de tomografía fue de 4/115 (3,5 %) vs 10/85 (12 %) en el grupo control. En el análisis multivariado se identificó que la tomografía no tenía asociación significativa con la mortalidad (aOR=0,46; IC95% 0,10-1,94). El grupo de tomografía tuvo una reducción relativa del 39 % en la frecuencia de cirugías mayores, con un efecto asociado en la disminución de la necesidad de cirugía (aOR=0,47; IC95% 0,22-0,98). Conclusiones. La tomografía corporal total fue empleada en el abordaje inicial de los pacientes con trauma penetrante por proyectil de arma de fuego y hemodinámicamente inestables. Su uso no se asoció con una mayor mortalidad, pero sí con una menor frecuencia de cirugías mayores.

Introduction. This study aims to assess the impact of whole-body computed tomography (WBCT) in the evaluation of patients with penetrating gunshot wounds (GSW) who are hemodynamically unstable and treated at a trauma referral center. Methods. An analytical, retrospective study was conducted based on a subanalysis of the Panamerican Trauma Society-FVL registry. Patients with GSW treated between 2018 and 2021 were included. Patients with severe cranioencephalic trauma, minor trauma, and those in extremis were excluded. Patients with and without WBCT were compared. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality, and the secondary outcome was the frequency of major surgeries (thoracotomy, sternotomy, cervicotomy, and/or laparotomy) during initial care. Results. Two hundred eligible patients were included, with 115 undergoing WBCT and compared to 85 controls. In-hospital mortality in the WBCT group was 4/115 (3.5%) compared to 10/85 (12%) in the control group. Multivariate analysis showed that WBCT was not significantly associated to mortality (aOR: 0.46; 95% CI 0.10-1.94). The WBCT group had a relative reduction of 39% in the frequency of major surgeries, with an associated effect on reducing the need for surgery (aOR: 0.47; 95% CI 0.22-0.98). Conclusions. Whole-body computed tomography was employed in the initial management of patients with penetrating firearm projectile injuries and hemodynamic instability. The use of WBCT was not associated with mortality but rather with a reduction in the frequency of major surgery.

Razão de mortalidade hospitalar padronizada: limites e potencialidades do indicador para a avaliação do desempenho hospitalar no Sistema Único de Saúde, Brasil / Hospital standardized mortality ratio: limits and potential of the indicator for assessing hospital performance in the Brazilian Unified National Health System / Razón de mortalidad hospitalaria estandarizada: límites y potencialidades del indicador para la evaluación del desempeño hospitalario en el Sistema Único de Salud, Brasil

Resumo: Análises comparativas, baseadas em indicadores de desempenho clínico, para monitorar a qualidade da assistência hospitalar vêm sendo realizadas há décadas em vários países, com destaque para a razão de mortalidade hospitalar padronizada (RMHP). No Brasil, ainda são escassos os estudos e a adoção de instrumentos metodológicos que permitam análises regulares do desempenho das instituições. O objetivo deste artigo foi explorar o uso da RMHP para a comparação do desempenho dos hospitais remunerados pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). O Sistema de Informações Hospitalares foi a fonte de dados sobre as internações de adultos realizadas no Brasil entre 2017 e 2019. A abordagem metodológica para estimar a RMHP foi adaptada aos dados disponíveis e incluiu as causas de internação (diagnóstico principal) responsáveis por 80% dos óbitos. O número de óbitos esperados foi estimado por um modelo de regressão logística que incluiu variáveis preditoras amplamente descritas na literatura. A análise foi realizada em duas etapas: (i) nível da internação e (ii) nível do hospital. O modelo final de ajuste de risco apresentou estatística C de 0,774, valor considerado adequado. Foi observada grande variação da RMHP, especialmente entre os hospitais com pior desempenho (1,54 a 6,77). Houve melhor desempenho dos hospitais privados em relação aos hospitais públicos. Apesar de limites nos dados disponíveis e desafios ainda vislumbrados para a sua utilização mais refinada, a RMHP é aplicável e tem potencial para se tornar um elemento importante na avaliação do desempenho hospitalar no SUS.

Abstract: Comparative analyses based on clinical performance indicators to monitor the quality of hospital care have been carried out for decades in several countries, most notably the hospital standardized mortality ratio (HSMR). In Brazil, studies and the adoption of methodological tools that allow regular analysis of the performance of institutions are still scarce. This study aimed to assess the use of HSMR to compare the performance of hospitals funded by the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS). The Hospital Information System was the source of data on adult hospitalizations in Brazil from 2017 to 2019. The methodological approach to estimate HSMR was adapted to the available data and included the causes of hospitalization (main diagnosis) responsible for 80% of deaths. The number of expected deaths was estimated using a logistic regression model that included predictor variables widely described in the literature. The analysis was conducted in two stages: (i) hospitalization level and (ii) hospital level. The final risk adjustment model showed a C-statistic of 0.774, which is considered adequate. The variation in HSMR was wide, especially among the worst-performing hospitals (1.54 to 6.77). Private hospitals performed better than public hospitals. Although the limits of the available data and the challenges still face its more refined use, HSMR is applicable and has the potential to become an important tool for assessing hospital performance in the SUS.

Resumen: Durante décadas se han realizado en varios países análisis comparativos basados en indicadores de desempeño clínico para monitorear la calidad de la atención hospitalaria, con énfasis en la razón de mortalidad hospitalaria estandarizada (RMHE). En Brasil, aún son escasos los estudios y la adopción de instrumentos metodológicos que permitan análisis regulares del desempeño de las instituciones. El objetivo fue explorar el uso de la RMHE para comparar el desempeño de los hospitales remunerados por el Sistema Único de Salud (SUS). El Sistema de Información Hospitalaria fue la fuente de datos sobre las hospitalizaciones de adultos realizadas en Brasil entre el 2017 y el 2019. El enfoque metodológico para estimar la RMHE se adaptó a los datos disponibles e incluyó las causas de hospitalización (diagnóstico principal) responsables del 80% de las muertes. El número de muertes esperadas se estimó mediante un modelo de regresión logística que incluyó variables predictoras ampliamente descritas en la literatura. El análisis se realizó en dos etapas: (i) nivel de la hospitalización y (ii) nivel del hospital. El modelo final de ajuste de riesgo presentó una estadística C de 0,774, valor considerado adecuado. Se observó una gran variación en la RMHE, especialmente entre los hospitales con peor desempeño (1,54 a 6,77). Hubo un mejor desempeño de los hospitales privados en comparación con los hospitales públicos. A pesar de las limitaciones de los datos disponibles y de los desafíos aún previstos para su uso más refinado, la RMHE es aplicable y tiene el potencial de convertirse en un elemento importante en la evaluación del desempeño hospitalario en el SUS.

Nationwide study of in-hospital maternal mortality in Ecuador, 2015-2022 / Estudio a nivel nacional de la mortalidad materna intrahospitalaria en Ecuador, 2015-2022 / Estudo nacional sobre mortalidade materna intra-hospitalar no Equador, 2015-2022

ABSTRACT Objective. This study aimed to analyze estimates of in-hospital delivery-related maternal mortality and sociodemographic factors influencing this mortality in Ecuador during 2015 to 2022. Methods. Data from publicly accessible registries from the Ecuadorian National Institute of Statistics and Censuses were analyzed. Maternal mortality ratios (MMRs) were calculated, and bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to obtain unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios. Results. There was an increase in in-hospital delivery-related maternal deaths in Ecuador from 2015 to 2022: MMRs increased from 3.70 maternal deaths/100 000 live births in 2015 to 32.22 in 2020 and 18.94 in 2022. Manabí province had the highest rate, at 84.85 maternal deaths/100 000 live births between 2015 and 2022. Women from ethnic minorities had a higher probability of in-hospital delivery-related mortality, with an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of 9.59 (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 6.98 to 13.18). More maternal deaths were also observed in private health care facilities (AOR: 1.99, 95% CI: 1.4 to 2.84). Conclusions. Efforts to reduce maternal mortality have stagnated in recent years. During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, an increase in maternal deaths in hospital settings was observed in Ecuador. Although the pandemic might have contributed to the stagnation of maternal mortality estimates, socioeconomic, demographic and clinical factors play key roles in the complexity of trends in maternal mortality. The results from this study emphasize the importance of addressing not only the medical aspects of care but also the social determinants of health and disparities in the health care system.

RESUMEN Objetivo. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las cifras estimadas de mortalidad materna intrahospitalaria asociada al parto y los factores sociodemográficos que influyen en ella en Ecuador en el período 2015-2022. Métodos. Se analizaron datos de los registros de acceso público del Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos de Ecuador. Se calcularon las razones de mortalidad materna (RMM) y se utilizaron modelos de regresión logística bivariados y multivariados para obtener los cocientes de posibilidades sin ajustar y ajustados. Resultados. Entre el 2015 y el 2022, se observó un aumento de las muertes maternas intrahospitalarias asociadas al parto en Ecuador: la RMM aumentó de 3,70 muertes maternas por 100 000 nacidos vivos en el 2015 a 32,22 en el 2020 y 18,94 en el 2022. En la provincia de Manabí se registró la cifra más alta, con 84,85 muertes maternas por 100 000 nacidos vivos entre el 2015 y el 2022. Las mujeres pertenecientes a minorías étnicas tuvieron una mayor probabilidad de muerte intrahospitalaria por causas relacionadas con el parto, con un cociente de posibilidades ajustado (aOR, por su sigla en inglés) de 9,59 (intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC del 95%]: 6,98 a 13,18). También se observó una mayor mortalidad materna en los establecimientos de salud privados (aOR: 1,99, IC del 95%: 1,4 a 2,84). Conclusiones. Los esfuerzos para reducir la mortalidad materna se han estancado en los últimos años. Durante la pandemia de COVID-19, se observó un aumento de las muertes maternas en el 2020 en entornos hospitalarios en Ecuador. Si bien la pandemia podría haber contribuido a que las cifras estimadas de mortalidad materna se estancaran, los factores socioeconómicos, demográficos y clínicos desempeñan un papel clave en la complejidad de las tendencias de la mortalidad materna. Los resultados de este estudio destacan la importancia de abordar no solo los aspectos médicos de la atención, sino también los determinantes sociales de la salud y las disparidades en el sistema de atención de salud.

RESUMO Objetivo. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar estimativas de mortalidade materna relacionada ao parto intra-hospitalar e os fatores sociodemográficos que influenciaram esse tipo de mortalidade no período de 2015 a 2022 no Equador. Métodos. Foram analisados dados de registros de acesso público do Instituto Nacional de Estatísticas e Censos do Equador. Foram calculadas razões de mortalidade materna (RMM), com o uso de regressão logística bivariada e multivariada para obter razões de chance não ajustadas e ajustadas. Resultados. Houve um aumento nas mortes maternas relacionadas ao parto intra-hospitalar no Equador entre 2015 e 2022: as RMM aumentaram de 3,70 mortes maternas/100 mil nascidos vivos em 2015 para 32,22 em 2020 e 18,94 em 2022. A província de Manabí teve a taxa mais alta, com 84,85 mortes maternas/100 mil nascidos vivos entre 2015 e 2022. Mulheres de minorias étnicas tiveram maior probabilidade de mortalidade relacionada ao parto intra-hospitalar, com uma razão de chances ajustada (RCa) de 9,59 (intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%]: 6,98 a 13,18). Também foram observadas mais mortes maternas em estabelecimentos de saúde privados (RCa: 1,99, IC95%: 1,4 a 2,84). Conclusões. As inciativas para reduzir a mortalidade materna estagnaram nos últimos anos. Durante a pandemia de COVID-19 em 2020, foi observado um aumento nas mortes maternas em hospitais do Equador. Embora a pandemia possa ter contribuído para a estagnação das estimativas de mortalidade materna, fatores socioeconômicos, demográficos e clínicos desempenharam papéis fundamentais na complexidade das tendências de mortalidade materna. Os resultados deste estudo destacam a importância de abordar não apenas os aspectos clínicos da atenção, mas também os determinantes sociais da saúde e as disparidades do sistema de saúde.

Early vs. Standard Loop Ileostomy Closure: An Unmatched Case-Control Study / Cierre Temprano vs Estándar de Ileostomía en Asa. Estudio de Casos y Controles no Emparejado

SUMMARY: Early closure of a loop ileostomy (ECI) is a relatively new practice, for which there is insufficient evidence regarding its effectiveness in relation to closure at conventional times. The aim of this study was to report postoperative complications (POC) and hospital mortality in patients with loop ileostomy (LI) who underwent ECI, compared with patients with LI who underwent late closure. Un- matched case-control study. Patients with LI who underwent surgery at Clínica RedSalud Mayor Temuco (2010-2022) were included. Cases were defined as patients with LI who underwent early closure and controls as subjects who underwent closure at the usual times. No matching was performed, but a 1:1 relationship between cases and controls was considered. Outcome variables were postoperative complications and hospital mortality. Other variables of interest were surgical time and hospital stay. Descriptive statistics were applied with calculation of proportions and measures of central tendency. Subsequently, t-test and Pearson Chi2 for comparison of averages and proportions was applied, and odds ratios and their respective 95 % CI were calculated. In this study 39 patients with AI were operated on (18 cases and 21 controls). Age and BMI average of the studied subjects was 71.3±7.1 years and 27.3±19.8 kg/m2 respectively. Mean LI closure time, surgical time, and hospitalization were: 10.0±0.7 months; 62.5±10.6min; 3.8±0.1 days respectively. POC were only surgical site infections. Three in cases (16.7 %) and 3 in controls (14.3 %). No anastomotic dehiscence or hospital mortality was observed in either cases or controls. There were no differences in comorbidities or surgical site infection between cases and controls (OR of 0.6 and 1.2 respectively) In this experience, the results of performing the CTI were similar to the late closing in relation to the variables studied.

El cierre temprano de una ileostomía en asa (IA), es una práctica relativamente nueva, sobre la que no hay suficiente evidencia respecto de su efectividad en relación con el cierre en tiempos convencionales. El objetivo de este estudio fue verificar diferencias en la tasa de complicaciones postoperatorias (CPO) y de mortalidad hospitalaria en pacientes con IA sometidos a cierre temprano comparados con pacientes con IA sometidos a cierre tardío. Estudio de casos y controles sin emparejamiento. Se incluyeron pacientes con IA que fueron sometidos a cirugía en la Clínica RedSalud Mayor Temuco (2010-2022). Los casos se definieron como pacientes con IA sometidos a cierre temprano y los controles como sujetos con IA sometidos a cierre en tiempos habituales. No se realizó emparejamiento. Se consideró una relación 1:1 entre casos y controles. Las variables de resultado fueron CPO y mortalidad hospitalaria. Otras variables de interés fueron: tiempo quirúrgico y hospitalización. Se aplicó estadísticas descriptivas (cálculo de proporciones y medidas de tendencia central). Posteriormente, se aplicó prueba t-test y Chi2 para comparación de promedios y proporciones; y se calcularon odds ratios e intervalos de confianza del 95 %. Se operaron 39 pacientes con IA (18 casos y 21 controles). El promedio de edad e IMC fue 71,3±7,1 años y 27,3±19,8 kg/m2, respectivamente. El tiempo promedio de cierre de IA, tiempo quirúrgico y hospitalización fueron: 10,0±0,7 meses; 62,5±10,6 minutos; 3,8±0,1 días, respectivamente. Las CPO fueron infecciones del sitio quirúrgico (3 casos; 16,7 % y 3 controles; 14,3 %). No se observó dehiscencia anastomótica ni mortalidad hospitalaria en casos ni controles. No hubo diferencias en comorbilidades ni en infecciones del sitio quirúrgico entre casos y controles (OR de 0,6 y 1,2, respectivamente). No se evidenciaron diferencias entre realizar cierre temprano o tardío de IA, respecto de las variables CPO y de mortalidad hospitalaria.

Neumonía adquirida en la comunidad: epidemiología, diagnóstico, escalas pronósticas de gravedad y nuevas opciones terapéuticas / Community-acquired pneumonia: Epidemiology, diagnosis, prognostic severity scales, and new therapeutic options

Este artículo de revisión narrativa tiene como objetivo explorar el conocimiento actual disponible basado en datos científicos respeto a la definición, la epidemiología, los criterios diagnósticos, la microbiología, el tratamiento y la prevención de la neumonía grave adquirida en la comunidad) en individuos adultos inmunocompetentes. En la actualidad, pese a los grandes avances científicos obtenidos en la evaluación diagnóstica, el manejo clínico, la terapia antimicrobiana y la prevención, la neumonía grave adquirida en la comunidad sigue siendo una causa importante de morbilidad y mortalidad, además de producir un gran impacto económico con la elevación de los costes sanitarios en todo el mundo. Esta patología es considerada una de las principales causas de sepsis/choque séptico, con una tasa de mortalidad global extremadamente elevada, lo que justifica todo el esfuerzo en el diagnóstico precoz, el manejo en un ambiente adecuado y el inicio temprano y apropiado de la terapia antimicrobiana. La inclusión de biomarcadores (aislados o en combinación) asociada a la aplicación de los criterios diagnósticos y escalas pronósticas de gravedad en la práctica clínica, sirven para identificar a los pacientes con neumonía adquirida en la comunidad grave, definir el ingreso inmediato en la unidad de cuidados intensivos y, de esta forma, minimizar los resultados negativos de esta grave patología.

his narrative review article explores the current scientific knowledge on the definition, epidemiology, diagnostic criteria, microbiology, treatment, and prevention of severe community-acquired pneumonia (SCAP) in immunocompetent adults. At present, despite major scientific advances in diagnostic evaluation, clinical management, antimicrobial therapy, and prevention, severe community-acquired pneumonia remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality, as well as having a major economic impact in terms of increased healthcare expenditure worldwide. This pathology is considered one of the leading causes of sepsis/septic shock, with an extremely high overall mortality rate, which justifies all the effort in early diagnosis, proper management, and prompt initiation of antimicrobial therapy. Including biomarkers (isolated or in combination) associated with applying diagnostic criteria and prognostic severity scales in clinical practice helps identify patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia, defines immediate admission to the intensive care unit, and, thus, minimizes the adverse outcomes of this serious pathology.

Análise longitudinal dos parâmetros ventilatórios e escore SOFA de pacientes com COVID-19 hospitalizados em uma UTI no Sul do Brasil / Longitudinal analysis of ventilatory parameters and SOFA score of patients with COVID-19 hospitalised in an ICU in southern Brazil

Introdução: embora o Coronavírus da Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave 2 (SARS-CoV-2) seja mais conhecido por causar patologias respiratórias substanciais, o vírus também pode resultar em várias manifestações extrapulmonares, sobretudo nas alas de cuidados intensivos. Frente a essas implicações multissistêmicas, a monitoração do suporte ventilatório e utilização do escore Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) foram fundamentais no manejo do paciente crítico com COVID-19 nas Unidades de Terapia Intensiva (UTIs) durante a pandemia. Objetivo: esse estudo pretende analisar os parâmetros ventilatórios e escore SOFA de pacientes com COVID-19 numa UTI no sul do Brasil e as principais complicações ocasionadas. Metodologia: foi realizado um estudo de coorte retrospectivo que analisou prontuários de pacientes com diagnóstico de COVID-19 na UTI do Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição, no estado de Santa Catarina, entre março de 2020 a dezembro de 2021. Resultados: foram incluídos 448 pacientes, com média de idade de 58,5 (±15,1) anos, mediana de internação de 15 (9-24) dias e média de ventilação mecânica de 15 (±8,7) dias, evoluindo para óbito 63,3%. Durante a internação, 86,4% das pessoas sofreram complicações, dentre as mais prevalentes Insuficiência Renal Aguda (46,8%) seguida por Pneumonia Associada à Ventilação (41,9%) e Choque séptico (22%). Na evolução clínica, o escore SOFA e a relação da pressão parcial de oxigênio pela fração de oxigênio inspirado (PaO2/FiO2) foram fatores de desfecho desfavorável nas três semanas de internação, com SOFA ≥ 5 e relação PaO2/FiO2 < 200. Além disso, 3 dos 6 componentes do SOFA (renal, respiratório e coagulação) tiveram relação com a ocorrência de complicações. Conclusão: o escore SOFA e a relação PaO2/FiO2 tiveram relação no prognóstico de pacientes com COVID-19 durante as três semanas de internação na UTI. Além disso, o SOFA se mostrou um possível indicador de complicações intra-hospitalares durante a evolução clínica.

Introduction: although Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is best known for causing significant respiratory pathologies, the virus can also result in various extrapulmonary manifestations, particularly in intensive care wards. Faced with these multisystem implications, monitoring ventilatory support and using the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score were fundamental in managing critically ill patients with COVID-19 in Intensive Care Units (ICUs) during the pandemic. Objective: this study will analyse the ventilatory parameters and SOFA score of patients with COVID-19 in an ICU in southern Brazil and the main complications caused. Methodology: a retrospective cohort study was carried out that analysed medical records of patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in the ICU of Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição, in the state of Santa Catarina, between March 2020 and December 2021. Results: 448 patients were included, with a mean age of 58.5 (±15.1) years, a median hospital stay of 15 (9-24) days, and mean mechanical ventilation of 15 (±8.7) days, with 63.3% dying. During hospitalisation, 86.4% of people suffered complications, among the most prevalent Acute Renal Failure (46.8%), followed by Ventilation Associated Pneumonia (41.9%) and Septic Shock (22%). In the clinical evolution, the SOFA score and the ratio of partial pressure of oxygen to the fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO2/FiO2) were factors of unfavourable outcome in the three weeks of hospitalisation, with SOFA ≥ 5 and PaO2/FiO2 ratio < 200. In addition, three of the six components of the SOFA (renal, respiratory and coagulation) were related to the occurrence of complications. Conclusion: the SOFA score and the PaO2/FiO2 ratio were related to the prognosis of patients with COVID-19 during the three weeks of ICU stay. Furthermore, the SOFA proved to be a possible indicator of in-hospital complications during clinical evolution.

Mortalidad de la sepsis en la unidad de cuidados intensivos / Mortality from sepsis in intensive care unit

INTRODUCCIÓN. La sepsis es un estado de disfunción multisistémica, que se produce por una respuesta desregulada del huésped a la infección. Diversos factores influyen en la gravedad, manifestaciones clínicas y progresión de la sepsis, tales como, heterogeneidad inmunológica y regulación dinámica de las vías de señalización celular. La evolución de los pacientes depende del tratamiento oportuno, las escalas de puntuación clínica permiten saber la mortalidad estimada. OBJETIVO. Evaluar la mortalidad en la unidad de cuidados intensivos; establecer el manejo y la utilidad de aplicar paquetes de medidas o "bundlers" para evitar la progresión a disfunción, fallo multiorgánico y muerte. METODOLOGÍA. Modalidad de investigación tipo revisión sistemática. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en bases de datos como Google académico, Mendeley, ScienceDirect, Pubmed, revistas como New England Journal Medicine, Critical Care, Journal of the American Medical Association, British Medical Journal. Se obtuvo las guías "Sobreviviendo a la sepsis" actualización 2021, 3 guías internacionales, 10 estudios observacionales, 2 estudios multicéntricos, 5 ensayos aleatorizados, 6 revisiones sistémicas, 5 metaanálisis, 1 reporte de caso clínico, 4 artículos con opiniones de expertos y actualizaciones con el tema mortalidad de la sepsis en UCI con un total de 36 artículos científicos. RESULTADOS. La mortalidad de la sepsis en la unidad de cuidados intensivos, fue menor en el hospital oncológico de Guayaquil, seguido de Australia, Alemania, Quito, Francia, Estados Unidos de Norteamérica y Vietnan, La mortalidad más alta se observa en pacientes con enfermedades del tejido conectivo. DISCUSIÓN. La aplicación de los paquetes de medidas o "bundlers" en la sepsis, se asocia con una mejor supervivencia y menores días de estancia hospitalaria. CONCLUSIÓN. Las escalas SOFA, APACHE II y SAPS II ayudan a predecir la mortalidad de forma eficiente, en la detección y el tratamiento temprano en pacientes con enfermedades agudas y de alto riesgo.

INTRODUCTION. Sepsis is a state of multisystem dysfunction, which is caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Several factors influence the severity, clinical manifestations and progression of sepsis, such as immunological heterogeneity and dynamic regulation of cell signaling pathways. The evolution of patients depends on timely treatment, clinical scoring scales allow to know the estimated mortality. OBJECTIVE. To evaluate mortality in the intensive care unit; to establish the management and usefulness of applying bundlers to prevent progression to dysfunction, multiorgan failure and death. METHODOLOGY. Systematic review type research modality. A bibliographic search was carried out in databases such as Google Scholar, Mendeley, ScienceDirect, Pubmed, journals such as New England Journal Medicine, Critical Care, Journal of the American Medical Association, British Medical Journal. We obtained the guidelines "Surviving Sepsis" update 2021, 3 international guidelines, 10 observational studies, 2 multicenter studies, 5 randomized trials, 6 systemic reviews, 5 meta-analyses, 1 clinical case report, 4 articles with expert opinions and updates on the subject of sepsis mortality in ICU with a total of 36 scientific articles. RESULTS. The mortality of sepsis in the intensive care unit, was lower in the oncological hospital of Guayaquil, followed by Australia, Germany, Quito, France, United States of America and Vietnam, The highest mortality is observed in patients with connective tissue diseases. DISCUSSION. The application of bundlers in sepsis is associated with better survival and shorter days of hospital stay. CONCLUSIONS. The SOFA, APACHE II and SAPS II scales help to predict mortality efficiently in the early detection and treatment of patients with acute and high-risk disease.

Ischemic Stroke and Acute Myocardial Infarction: Trends in in-Hospital Mortality in Brazil from 1998 to 2018

Abstract Background Ischemic stroke and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) are cardiovascular diseases with high morbidity and mortality rates in Brazil and worldwide. Their outcomes are influenced by public policies aimed at mitigating risk factors and by investments in infrastructure of emergency support and quality of hospital care. Objective To analyze the trend in the proportion of in-hospital deaths from ischemic stroke and AMI in Brazil as a way of evaluating the effectiveness of urgency and emergency services. Methods Ecological time series study using data from the Hospital Information System. The outcome was the proportion of in-hospital deaths from ischemic stroke and AMI with stratification by sex and state. Prais-Winsten regression was used to analyze the trend between 1998-2018 with α≤0,05. Results The proportion of deaths from AMI and ischemic stroke declined in the time series (p<0.001), decreasing annually by 0.17% and 0.25%, respectively. In 20 years, it reduced 43.76% (ischemic stroke) and 32.39% (AMI) in both sexes. However, the decline was more evident in the South and Southeast regions. Conclusion The reduction in hospital deaths from AMI and ischemic stroke was heterogeneous among Brazilian regions, which may be related to inequality in emergency services and hospital support.

Analysis of the SHARPEN Score in the Prediction of In-Hospital Mortality of Patients With Infective Endocarditis Undergoing Cardiac Surgery

Abstract Background The SHARPEN score was developed to predict in-hospital mortality in patients hospitalized for infective endocarditis (IE), undergoing or not undergoing cardiac surgery. A comparison with other available scores has not yet been carried out. Objective To evaluate the performance of the SHARPEN score in predicting in-hospital mortality in patients hospitalized for IE undergoing cardiac surgery and compare it with that of both nonspecific and IE-specific surgical scores. Methods Retrospective cohort study including all admissions of patients ≥18 years who underwent cardiac surgery due to active IE (modified Duke criteria) at a tertiary care university hospital between 2007 and 2016. The SHARPEN score was compared to the EuroSCORE, EuroSCORE II, STS-IE, PALSUSE, AEPEI, EndoSCORE and RISK-E scores. Differences P<0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results A total of 105 hospitalizations of 101 patients (mean age 57.4±14.6 years; 75.2% male) were included. The median SHARPEN score was 11 (9-13) points. The observed in-hospital mortality was 29.5%. There was no statistically significant difference in observed vs. estimated mortality (P = 0.147), with an area under the ROC curve of 0.66 (P = 0.008). In comparison with the other scores, no difference was observed in discriminative ability. The statistics of the SHARPEN score at a cutoff >10 points — positive predictive value (PPV): 38.1%, 95%CI:30.4-46.6; negative predictive value (NPV): 80.0%, 95%CI:69.8-87.4; and accuracy: 58.1%, 95%CI:48.1-67.6 — showed overlapping 95%CIs, indicating no significant difference between scores. Conclusions The SHARPEN score did not present parameters with a significant difference in relation to the other scores analyzed; despite the easy obtainment of its few variables, it has limited applicability in clinical practice, like other existing scores.

Mortalidad perioperatoria en Tolima, perspectivas del cuarto indicador de The Lancet Commission on Global Surgery: Un análisis preliminar de la cohorte prospectiva del estudio Colombian Surgical Outcomes Study (ColSOS) / Perioperative mortality in Tolima and perspectives of the fourth indicator of The Lancet Commission on Global Surgery: A preliminary analysis of the prospective cohort of the Colombian Surgical Outcomes Study (ColSOS)

Introducción. La mortalidad perioperatoria en el mundo representa 4,2 millones de muertes anuales. El cuarto indicador de The Lancet Commission on Global Surgery permite estandarizar la mortalidad perioperatoria. En Colombia, existen aproximaciones por datos secundarios, limitando el análisis y las intervenciones aplicables a nuestra población. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la mortalidad perioperatoria a través de datos primarios que permitan sustentar políticas públicas. Métodos. Se hizo el análisis preliminar de un estudio observacional, de cohorte prospectiva, multicéntrico en 6 instituciones del departamento de Tolima. Se incluyeron los pacientes llevados a procedimientos quirúrgicos por una semana, con posterior seguimiento hasta el egreso, fallecimiento o 30 días de hospitalización. La mortalidad perioperatoria fue el desenlace primario. Resultados. Fueron incluidos 378 pacientes, con mediana de 49 años (RIC 32-66), buen estado funcional (ASA I-II 80 %) y baja complejidad quirúrgica (42 %). Las cirugías más comunes fueron por Ortopedia (25,4 %) y Cirugía plástica (23,3 %). El 29,7 % presentaron complicaciones postoperatorias, las más comunes fueron síndrome de dificultad respiratoria agudo e íleo postoperatorio. La mortalidad perioperatoria fue de 1,3 %. Discusión. La mortalidad perioperatoria discrepó de la reportada en otros estudios nacionales, aun cuando los pacientes tenían un bajo perfil de riesgo y baja complejidad de los procedimientos. Sin embargo, coincide con la reportada internacionalmente y nos acerca a la realidad del país. Conclusión. La determinación del cuarto indicador es de vital importancia para mejorar la atención quirúrgica en Colombia. Este es el primer acercamiento con datos primarios que nos permite tener información aplicable a nuestra población

Introduction. Perioperative mortality accounts for 4.2 million deaths annually. The fourth indicator of The Lancet Commission on Global Surgery allows standardizing perioperative mortality. In Colombia, there are approximations based on secondary data, limiting the analysis and interventions applicable to our population. The objective of this study is to describe perioperative mortality through primary data that allow supporting public policies. Methods. A preliminary analysis of an observational, prospective cohort, multicenter study was carried out at six institutions in the District of Tolima. Patients undergoing surgical procedures were included for one week, for subsequent follow-up until discharge, death, or 30 days of hospitalization. Perioperative mortality was the primary outcome and was presented as a proportion. Results. A total of 378 patients were included, with a median age of 49 years (RIC 32-66), low-risk profile (ASA I-II 80%), and low surgical complexity (42%). The most common surgeries were Orthopedic (25.4%) and Plastic Surgery (23.3%). Postoperative complications occurred in 29.7%, the most common were ARDS and postoperative ileus. Perioperative mortality was 1.3%. Discussion. Perioperative mortality differed from that reported in national studies, even when the patients had a low-risk profile and low complexity of the procedures. However, it coincides with that reported internationally and brings us closer to the reality of the country. Conclusion. The determination of the fourth indicator is of vital importance to improving surgical care in Colombia. This is the first approach with primary data that allows us to have applicable information for our population

HAS-BLED Score for Prediction of Bleeding and Mortality After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

ABSTRACT Introduction: Bleeding after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is associated with increased mortality. The predictive value of the HAS-BLED score in TAVR patients is still to be evaluated. We assessed the value of the HAS-BLED score to predict in-hospital bleeding and mortality after TAVR and the impact of diferent renal impairment definitions on the predictive value of the score system. Methods: We retrospectively included 574 patients who underwent TAVR at a single center. Study outcomes were 30-day mortality and the composite endpoint of major and life-threatening bleeding as defined by The Valve Academic Research Consortium-2. The predictive value of the HAS-BLED score was calculated and compared to a modified model. The performance of the score was compared using two definitions of renal impairment. Model discrimination was tested using C-statistic and the Net Reclassification Index. Results: Bleeding occurred in 78 patients (13.59%). HAS-BLED category 3 was a significant predictor of bleeding (OR: 1.99 ]1.18- 3.37], C-index: 0.56, P=0.01). C-index increased to 0.64 after adding body surface area and extracardiac arteriopathy to the model. The Net Reclassification Index showed an increase in the predic tive value of the model by 11.4% (P=0.002). The C-index increased to 0.61 using renal impairment definition based on creatinine clearance. Operative mortality was significantly associated with the HAS-BLED score (OR: 7.54 [95% CI: 2.73- 20.82], C-index: 0.73, P<0.001). Conclusion: The HAS-BLED score could be a good predictor of in-hospital mortality after TAVR. Its predictive value for bleeding was poor but improved by adding procedure-specific factors and using creatinine clearance to define renal impairment.

Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation as A Bridge to Surgery in Post-Myocardial Infarction Ventricular Septal Defect with Cardiogenic Shock: Case Report

ABSTRACT We describe a 60-year-old woman with post-myocardial infarction (MI) ventricular septal defect (VSD) and cardiogenic shock who was successfully stabilized with veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) as a bridge therapy for the surgical closure of her VSD. This case highlights the role of VA-ECMO in the management of post-MI VSD to improve the results of surgical repair and patient survival.

Effect of enteral nutritional support on clinical outcomes of patients with sepsis / 中华危重病急救医学

Objective:To research whether clinical outcomes of patients with sepsis can be improved by higher enteral nutritional support.Methods:A retrospective cohort method was applied. 145 patients with sepsis who were hospitalized in intensive care unit (ICU) of Peking University Third Hospital from September, 2015 to August, 2021 and met inclusion criteria as well as exclusion criteria were selected, including 79 males and 66 females, the median age was 68 (61, 73). Researchers evaluated whether there was correlation between improved modified nutrition risk in critically ill score (mNUTRIC), daily energy intake and protein supplement of patients and their clinical outcomes through Poisson log-linear regression analysis and Cox regression analysis.Results:The median of mNUTRIC score of 145 hospitalized patients was 6 (3, 10), wherein 70.3% of patients (102 cases) were in high-score group (≥ 5 scores) and 29.7% of patients (43 cases) were in low-score group (< 5 scores); the average of daily protein intake in ICU was about 0.62 (0.43, 0.79) g·kg -1·d -1, and the average of daily energy intake was about 64.4 (48.1, 86.2) kJ·kg -1·d -1. As shown by Cox regression analysis, increase of mNUTRIC score, sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA), and acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ (APACHE Ⅱ) were correlated to growth of in-hospital mortality [hazard ratio ( HR) = 1.12, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was 1.08-1.16, P = 0.006; HR = 1.04, 95% CI was 1.01-1.08, P = 0.030; HR = 1.08, 95% CI was 1.03-1.13, P = 0.023]. Higher average daily intake of protein and energy as well as lower mNUTRIC, SOFA, and APACHE Ⅱ scores were also significantly correlated to lower 30-day mortality ( HR = 0.45, 95% CI was 0.25-0.65, P < 0.001; HR = 0.77, 95% CI was 0.61-0.93, P < 0.001; HR = 1.10, 95% CI was 1.07-1.13, P < 0.001; HR = 1.07, 95% CI was 1.02-1.13, P = 0.041; HR = 1.15, 95% CI was 1.05-1.23, P = 0.014); however, there was no significant correlation between gender as well as number of complications and in-hospital mortality. Within 30 days of attack of sepsis, the average daily intake of protein and energy were not correlated to days of non-ventilator ( HR = 0.66, 95% CI was 0.59-0.74, P = 0.066; HR = 0.78, 95% CI was 0.63-0.93, P = 0.073). Increase of patients' average daily intake of protein and energy were significantly correlated to a lower in-hospital mortality ( HR = 0.41, 95% CI was 0.32-0.50, P < 0.001; HR = 0.87, 95% CI was 0.84-0.92, P < 0.001), shorter ICU stay ( HR = 0.46, 95% CI was 0.39-0.53, P < 0.001; HR = 0.82, 95% CI was 0.78-0.86, P < 0.001), and hospital stay ( HR = 0.51, 95% CI was 0.44-0.58, P < 0.001; HR = 0.77, 95% CI was 0.68-0.88, P < 0.001). According to correlation analysis, among patients with mNUTRIC score ≥ 5, increasing daily intake of protein and energy can reduce in-hospital mortality ( HR = 0.44, 95% CI was 0.32-0.58, P < 0.001; HR = 0.73, 95% CI was 0.69-0.77, P < 0.001), and 30-day mortality ( HR = 0.51, 95% CI was 0.37-0.65, P < 0.001; HR = 0.90, 95% CI was 0.85-0.96, P < 0.001); the receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC curve) further confirmed that higher protein intake had good predictive value for inpatient mortality area under the curve (AUC) = 0.96 and 30-day mortality (AUC = 0.94); higher emergy intake had good predictive value for inpatient mortality (AUC = 0.87) and 30-day mortality (AUC = 0.83). By contrast, among patients with mNUTRIC score < 5, it is only discovered that increasing daily intake of protein and energy can reduce 30-day mortality of patients ( HR = 0.76, 95% CI was 0.69-0.83, P < 0.001). Conclusions:The increase of average daily intake of protein and energy for patients with sepsis is significantly correlated to reduction of in-hospital mortality and 30-day mortality, shorter ICU stay, and hospital stay. The correlation is more significant in patients with high mNUTRIC score, and higher intake of protein and energy can bring down in-hospital mortality and 30-day mortality. As for patients with low mNUTRIC score, nutritional support cannot improve prognosis of the patients significantly.

Risk factors of in-hospital death in severe pneumonia patients receiving enteral nutrition support / 中华临床营养杂志

Objective:The decline in nutritional status in patients with severe pneumonia may contribute to an increase in in-hospital mortality. Enteral nutrition support can improve the nutritional status of patients, and is relatively easy to manage, with low cost and fewer serious complications. On the other hand, adverse reactions such as gastric retention and gastric microbiota translocation may increase the incidence of nosocomial pneumonia and increase the uncertainty of patient prognosis. There is no predictive model for in-hospital death in severe pneumonia patients receiving enteral nutrition support. The objective of this study was to investigate the risk factors of in-hospital death in patients with severe pneumonia receiving enteral nutrition support and to establish a prognostic model for such patients.Methods:This was a single-center retrospective study. Patients with severe pneumonia who were hospitalized in Peking Union Medical College Hospital and received enteral nutrition support were included from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2020. The primary endpoints were in-hospital mortality rate and unordered discharge rate. The independent risk factors were determined using univariate and multifactorial logistic regression analysis, the nomogram scoring model was constructed, and the decision curve analysis (DCA) was performed.Results:A total of 632 severe pneumonia patients who received enteral nutrition support were included. Patients were divided into death and survival groups according to the presence or absence of in-hospital death, and 24 parameters were found with significant differences between groups. Nine parameters were independent predictors of mortality, namely the duration of ventilator use, the presence of malignant hyperplasia diseases, the maximal levels of platelet and prothrombin during hospitalization, and the nadir levels of alanine aminotransferase, serum albumin, sodium, potassium, and blood glucose. Based on these variables, a risk prediction scoring model was established (ROC = 0.782; 95% CI: 0.744 to 0.819, concordance index: 0.772). Calibration curves, DCA, and clinical impact curve were plotted to evaluate the goodness of function, accuracy, and applicability of the predictive nomogram, using the training and test sets. Conclusion:This study summarized the clinical characteristics of patients with severe pneumonia receiving enteral nutrition support and developed a scoring model to identify risk factors and establish prognostic models.

Effect of early continuous renal replacement therapy on in-hospital mortality of patients with sepsis / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective:To investigate the effect of early continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) within 24 h on in-hospital mortality in patients with sepsis.Methods:This study retrospectively analyzed the patients diagnosed as sepsis in the Emergency Intensive Care Unit of the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University from January 2013 to December 2017. According to the prognosis, the patients were divided into the survival group and death group. The clinical baseline data of the two groups were compared, and multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to screen out the risk factors of death in patients with sepsis and evaluate the effect of CRRT on mortality. According to whether CRRT was performed within 24 h after admission, the patients were divided into the CRRT group and non-CRRT group to compare fluid balance.Results:Among the 612 patients, 416 (67.9%) patients were male, the median age was 66 years; 362 patients survived and 250 patients died, with a mortality rate of 40.8%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the independent risk factors for death in patients with sepsis were: sex, simplified acute physiology score Ⅱ, sequential organ failure assessment, lactate, procalcitonin, and complicated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that patients received CRRT within 24 h had a higher risk of mortality ( OR=1.981 95% CI: 1.120-3.504, P=0.019). There was a statistically significant difference in fluid balance between the CRRT group and the non-CRRT group on the first day ( P<0.05), and there was no significant difference in total fluid balance in the first 3 days ( P>0.05). Conclusions:Early CRRT within 24 h cannot reduce the in-hospital mortality of patients with sepsis. The failure of CRRT which did not timely correct the volume overload state of patients with sepsis after fluid resuscitation may affect the outcome.

Hospital mortality from covid-19 in children and adolescents in Brazil in 2020-2021 / Mortalidade hospitalar por covid-19 em crianças e adolescentes no Brasil em 2020-2021

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe cases, deaths, and hospital mortality from covid-19 in children and adolescents in Brazil, according to age group, during the evolving phases of the pandemic in 2020 and 2021. METHODS Census of patients aged up to 19 committed with severe acute respiratory syndrome, due to covid-19 or unspecified, notified to the Brazilian Influenza Epidemiological Surveillance Information System, from January 1, 2020, to December 31, 2021. The two years were divided into six phases, covering the spread of the disease—first, second and third wave—as well as the impact of vaccination. The pediatric population was categorized into infants, preschoolers, schoolchildren, and adolescents. Hospital mortality was assessed by pandemic phase and age group. RESULTS A total of 144,041 patients were recorded in the two years, 18.2% of whom had confirmed cases of covid-19. Children under 5 years old (infants and preschoolers) accounted for 62.8% of those hospitalized. A total of 4,471 patients died, representing about 6.1 deaths per day. Infants were the ones who most progressed to the intensive care unit (24.7%) and had the highest gross number of deaths (n = 2,012), but mortality was higher among adolescents (5.7%), reaching 9.8% in phase 1. The first peak of deaths occurred in phase 1 (May/2020), and two other peaks occurred in phase 4 (March/2021 and May/2021). There was an increase in cases and deaths for younger ages since phase 4. Hospital mortality in the pediatric population was higher in phases 1, 4, and 6, following the phenomena of dissemination/interiorization of the virus in the country, beginning of the second wave and beginning of the third wave, respectively. CONCLUSION The absolute number of cases of covid-19 in children and adolescents is significant. Although complete vaccination in descending order of age provided a natural deviation in age range, there was a greater gap between the curve of new hospitalized cases and the curve of deaths, indicating the positive impact of immunization.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Descrever casos, óbitos e mortalidade hospitalar por covid-19 em crianças e adolescentes no Brasil, conforme faixa etária, durante as fases de evolução da pandemia em 2020 e 2021. MÉTODOS Censo de pacientes de até 19 anos internados com síndrome respiratória aguda grave, por covid-19 ou não especificada, notificados ao Sistema de Informação de Vigilância Epidemiológica da Gripe do Brasil, entre 1 de janeiro de 2020 e 31 de dezembro de 2021. Os dois anos foram divididos em seis fases, abrangendo a disseminação da doença − primeira, segunda e terceira onda −, bem como o impacto da vacinação. A população pediátrica foi categorizada em lactentes, pré-escolares, escolares e adolescentes. A mortalidade hospitalar foi avaliada por fase da pandemia e faixa etária. RESULTADOS Foram contabilizados 144.041 pacientes nos dois anos, sendo 18,2% casos de covid-19 confirmados. Menores de 5 anos (lactentes e pré-escolares) corresponderam a 62,8% dos hospitalizados. Evoluíram a óbito 4.471, representando cerca 6,1 óbitos por dia. Os lactentes foram os que mais evoluíram para unidade de terapia intensiva (24,7%) e apresentaram o maior número bruto de óbito (n = 2.012), porém a mortalidade foi maior entre os adolescentes (5,7%), chegando a 9,8% na fase 1. O primeiro pico de óbitos ocorreu na fase 1 (maio/2020), e outros dois picos ocorreram na fase 4 (março/2021 e maio/2021). Verificou-se avanço de casos e óbitos para as idades inferiores desde a fase 4. A mortalidade hospitalar na população pediátrica foi maior nas fases 1, 4 e 6, acompanhando os fenômenos de disseminação/interiorização do vírus no país, início da segunda onda e início da terceira onda, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO O número absoluto de casos de covid-19 em crianças e adolescentes é expressivo. Embora a vacinação completa em ordem decrescente de idade tenha proporcionado um desvio natural de faixa etária, ocorreu um distanciamento maior entre a curva de novos casos hospitalizados e a curva de óbitos, indicando o impacto positivo da imunização.

Mortalidade por covid-19 no interior e em regiões metropolitanas do Brasil, 2020 a 2021 / COVID-19 mortality in metropolitan areas vs. other regions of Brazil, 2020 to 2021 / Mortalidad por COVID-19 en las regiones metropolitanas y en el interior de Brasil, 2020-2021

RESUMO Objetivo. Comparar as taxas de mortalidade hospitalar (TMH) por síndrome respiratória aguda grave (SRAG) associada à covid-19 registradas em regiões metropolitanas e no interior do Brasil em 2020 e 2021. Método. Trata-se de um estudo ecológico com dados públicos disponíveis no OpenDataSUS. As informações foram acessadas em maio de 2022. Consideraram-se as seguintes variáveis: idade, sexo, internação hospitalar, presença de fator de risco, internação em UTI, uso de suporte ventilatório e classificação final na ficha de registro individual de casos de SRAG por covid-19. Os casos e óbitos foram estratificados em cinco faixas etárias (0-19 anos, 20-39 anos, 40-59 anos, 60-79 anos e ≥80 anos) e por localização do município de residência (região metropolitana ou interior). A TMH teve como numerador o número absoluto de óbitos por SRAG associada à covid-19; e, como denominador, o número absoluto de casos de SRAG por covid-19 segundo ano de ocorrência, residência em região metropolitana ou interior, faixa etária, sexo, internação hospitalar, presença de fator de risco, internação em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) e uso de suporte ventilatório. Resultados. Verificou-se aumento significativo da TMH por SRAG associada à covid-19 em 2021 em todos os grupos etários, exceto 0-19 anos e ≥80 anos, assim como entre indivíduos internados em UTI e que utilizaram suporte ventilatório invasivo, tanto nas regiões metropolitanas quanto no interior. Conclusões. Houve piora do cenário epidemiológico em 2021 com o aumento da TMH, mas não foram identificadas diferenças entre as regiões metropolitanas e o interior do país.

ABSTRACT Objective. To compare hospital mortality rates (HMR) due to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) associated with COVID-19 recorded in metropolitan areas and other regions (interior) of Brazil in 2020 and 2021. Method. This ecological study used public data available on OpenDataSUS. The information was accessed in May 2022. The following variables were considered: age, sex, hospitalization, presence of a risk factor, ICU stay, use of ventilatory support, and final classification in the individual registration form of SARS cases due to COVID-19. Cases and deaths were stratified into five age groups (0-19 years, 20-39 years, 40-59 years, 60-79 years, and ≥80 years) and by place of residence (metropolitan area or interior). The HMR had as numerator the absolute number of deaths by SARS associated with covid-19; and, as a denominator, the absolute number of cases of SARS due to covid-19 according to the year of occurrence, area of residence, age bracket, sex, hospitalization, presence of a risk factor, ICU admission, and use of ventilatory support. Results. There was a significant increase in HMR due to SARS associated with COVID-19 in 2021 in all age groups, except 0-19 years and ≥80 years, as well as among individuals admitted to an ICU and who used invasive ventilatory support, both in metropolitan areas as well as in the interior. Conclusions. There was a worsening of the epidemiological scenario in 2021 with an increase in HMR. However, no differences were identified between the metropolitan regions and the interior of the country.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Comparar las tasas de mortalidad hospitalaria por el síndrome respiratorio agudo grave relacionado con la COVID-19 registradas en las regiones metropolitanas y el interior de Brasil en el período 2020-2021. Método. Se realizó un estudio ecológico con datos públicos disponibles en el sistema OpenDataSUS. La información se consultó en mayo del 2022. Se tomaron en cuenta las siguientes variables: edad, sexo, hospitalización, presencia de factores de riesgo, ingreso en la unidad de cuidados intensivos, uso de apoyo ventilatorio y clasificación final en la hoja de registro individual de casos del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave por COVID-19. Los casos y las defunciones se estratificaron en cinco grupos etarios (0-19 años, 20-39 años, 40-59 años, 60-79 años y ≥80 años) y por ubicación del municipio de residencia (región metropolitana o interior). El numerador de la tasa de mortalidad hospitalaria fue el número absoluto de defunciones por el síndrome respiratorio agudo grave relacionado con la COVID-19, y el denominador, el número absoluto de casos del mismo síndrome relacionado con la COVID-19 según el año de aparición, la residencia en una región metropolitana o en el interior, el grupo etario, el sexo, la hospitalización, la presencia de factores de riesgo, el ingreso en la unidad de cuidados intensivos y el uso de apoyo ventilatorio. Resultados. Se comprobó un aumento significativo de la tasa de mortalidad hospitalaria por el síndrome respiratorio agudo grave relacionado con la COVID-19 en el 2021 en todos los grupos etarios, excepto en los grupos de 0-19 años y ≥80 años, así como entre las personas internadas en la unidad de cuidados intensivos que recibieron apoyo respiratorio invasivo, tanto en las regiones metropolitanas como en el interior. Conclusiones. La situación epidemiológica empeoró en el 2021 con el aumento de la tasa de mortalidad hospitalaria, pero no se observaron diferencias entre las regiones metropolitanas y el interior del país.

Predictors of prolonged ventilator weaning and mortality in critically ill patients with COVID-19 / Preditores de desmame ventilatório prolongado e mortalidade em pacientes críticos com COVID-19

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify factors associated with prolonged weaning and mortality in critically ill COVID-19 patients admitted to ICUs and under invasive mechanical ventilation. Methods: Between March of 2020 and July of 2021, we retrospectively recorded clinical and ventilatory characteristics of critically ill COVID-19 patients from the day of intubation to the outcome. We classified the patients regarding the weaning period in accordance with established criteria. A logistic regression analysis was performed to identify variables associated with prolonged weaning and mortality. Results: The study involved 303 patients, 100 of whom (33.0%) had a prolonged weaning period. Most of the patients were male (69.6%), 136 (44.8%) had more than 50% of pulmonary involvement on chest CT, and 93 (30.6%) had severe ARDS. Within the prolonged weaning group, 62% died within 60 days. Multivariate analysis revealed that lung involvement greater than 50% on CT and delay from intubation to the first separation attempt from mechanical ventilation were significantly associated with prolonged weaning, whereas age and prolonged weaning were significantly associated with mortality. Conclusions: Prolonged weaning can be used as a milestone in predicting mortality in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Lung involvement greater than 50% on CT and delay from intubation to the first separation attempt from mechanical ventilation were identified as significant predictors of prolonged weaning. These results might provide valuable information for healthcare professionals when making clinical decisions regarding the management of critically ill COVID-19 patients who are on mechanical ventilation.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar fatores associados ao desmame prolongado e à mortalidade em pacientes críticos com COVID-19 admitidos em UTI e sob ventilação mecânica invasiva. Métodos: Entre março de 2020 e julho de 2021, registramos retrospectivamente as características clínicas e ventilatórias de pacientes críticos com COVID-19 desde o dia da intubação até o desfecho. Os pacientes foram classificados quanto ao período de desmame de acordo com critérios estabelecidos. Foi realizada análise de regressão logística para identificar variáveis associadas ao desmame prolongado e à mortalidade. Resultados: O estudo incluiu 303 pacientes, 100 dos quais (33,0%) apresentaram período de desmame prolongado. A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo masculino (69,6%), 136 (44,8%) apresentaram mais de 50% de acometimento pulmonar na TC de tórax, e 93 (30,6%) apresentaram SDRA grave. No grupo desmame prolongado, 62% foram a óbito em 60 dias. A análise multivariada revelou que o acometimento pulmonar maior que 50% na TC e a demora na primeira tentativa de retirada da ventilação mecânica após a intubação apresentaram associação significativa com o desmame prolongado, enquanto a idade e o desmame prolongado apresentaram associação significativa com a mortalidade. Conclusões: O desmame prolongado pode ser utilizado como marco na predição de mortalidade em pacientes críticos com COVID-19. O acometimento pulmonar maior que 50% na TC e a demora na primeira tentativa de retirada da ventilação mecânica após a intubação foram identificados como preditores significativos de desmame prolongado. Esses resultados podem fornecer informações valiosas para os profissionais de saúde na tomada de decisões clínicas sobre o manejo de pacientes críticos com COVID-19 e em ventilação mecânica.

Risk factors for death and illness severity in vaccinated versus unvaccinated COVID-2019 inpatients: a retrospective cohort study / Fatores de risco para óbito e gravidade da doença em pacientes internados com COVID-19 vacinados e não vacinados: estudo de coorte retrospectivo

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the clinical profile of COVID-19 inpatients who were vaccinated prior to hospitalization and to compare the risk factors for death and the 28-day survival rate of between those inpatients vaccinated with one, two, or three doses and unvaccinated COVID-19 inpatients. Methods: This was a retrospective observational cohort study involving COVID-19 patients admitted to a referral hospital in the city of Recife, Brazil, between July of 2020 and June of 2022. Results: The sample comprised 1,921 inpatients, 996 of whom (50.8%) were vaccinated prior to hospitalization. After adjusting the mortality risk for vaccinated patients, those undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) had the highest mortality risk (adjusted OR [aOR] = 7.4; 95% CI, 3.8-14.1; p < 0.001), followed by patients > 80 years of age (aOR = 7.3; 95% CI, 3.4-15.4; p < 0.001), and those needing vasopressors (aOR = 5.6; 95% CI, 2.9-10.9; p < 0.001). After adjusting the mortality risk for all patients, having received three vaccine doses (aOR = 0.06; 95% CI, 0.03-0.11; p < 0.001) was the most important protective factor against death. There were progressive benefits of vaccination, reducing the frequency of ICU admissions, use for IMV, and death (respectively, from 44.9%, 39.0% and 39.9% after the first dose to 16.7%, 6.2% and 4.4% after the third dose), as well as significant improvements in survival after each subsequent dose (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Vaccines were effective in reducing illness severity and death in this cohort of COVID-19 inpatients, and the administration of additional doses conferred them with accumulative vaccine protection.

RESUMO Objetivo: Traçar o perfil clínico de pacientes internados com COVID-19 que haviam sido vacinados antes da hospitalização e comparar os fatores de risco para óbito e a taxa de sobrevida em 28 dias entre esses internados vacinados com uma, duas ou três doses e pacientes internados com COVID-19 não vacinados. Métodos: Estudo de coorte observacional retrospectivo envolvendo pacientes com COVID-19 internados em um hospital de referência na cidade do Recife (PE) entre julho de 2020 e junho de 2022. Resultados: A amostra foi composta por 1.921 pacientes internados, dos quais 996 (50,8%) haviam sido vacinados antes da hospitalização. Após ajuste do risco de mortalidade para os pacientes vacinados, aqueles submetidos à ventilação mecânica invasiva (VMI) apresentaram o maior risco de mortalidade (OR ajustada [ORa] = 7,4; IC95%: 3,8-14,1; p < 0,001), seguidos pelos pacientes > 80 anos (ORa = 7,3; IC95%: 3,4-15,4; p < 0,001) e aqueles que necessitam de vasopressores (ORa = 5,6; IC95%: 2,9-10,9; p < 0,001). Após ajuste do risco de mortalidade para todos os pacientes, o recebimento de três doses de vacina (ORa = 0,06; IC95%: 0,03-0,11; p < 0,001) foi o fator de proteção mais importante contra o óbito. Houve benefícios progressivos da vacinação, com redução da frequência de internações em UTI, de uso de VMI e de óbitos (de 44,9%, 39,0% e 39,9% após a primeira dose para 16,7%, 6,2% e 4,4% após a terceira dose, respectivamente), bem como melhora significativa na sobrevida após cada dose subsequente (p < 0,001). Conclusões: As vacinas foram efetivas na redução da gravidade da doença e dos óbitos nesta coorte de pacientes internados com COVID-19, e a aplicação de doses adicionais conferiu-lhes proteção vacinal cumulativa.